Reuters: European Union plans to tighten carbon trading rules after 2012 risk damaging the global competitiveness of Royal Dutch Shell’s (RDSa.L: Quote, Profile, Research, Stock Buzz) Pernis refinery, a Shell executive told a newspaper published on Saturday. Rob Routs, Executive Director of Downstream (oil products and chemicals), said the oil major was concerned about the consequences for Europe’s biggest oil refinery if the EU pursued its plans without the United States and China on …